No. Matrice : 111410
Introduction :
Airborne microorganisms are usually carried on dust particles, although some (fungal spores, for example) may be carried directly bu air currents. It is important for microbiologists to be aware of the potential for contamination by airborne microorganisms. Carefully observation of simple precautions dramatically reduces the risk of contamination of the cultures.
Every human is colonized by billion of microorganisms. These microorganisms, some of which are vital to our wellbeing, constitute our resident or normal microflora. Resident microorganisms are nourished by the chemicals and moisure excreted by the human body. In moist areas such as the armpit, there may be one million bacteria per cm3; on the drier skin of the forearm, there may be 10000 bacteria per cm3!!!
Resident microorganisms are either nonpathogenics or are prevented from infecting the body by an array of mechanical and chamical defences. Some resident microbes are, however, opportunistic pathogens which may cause infection if the body's defences are breached-for example, if the skin is broken.
Transient microorganisms are picked up from our environment-for example from feacal cantact or from soil and usually fail to become permanent skin residents. One of the most important reasons for failure to gain permanence is that the established residents are better able to compete for nutrient. Since transients generally originate in other environments, they are poorly adapted to conditions on the skin and usually disappear within 24 hours of arrival.
Microorganisms in the upper respiratory tract are either normal residents or transients. As with the skin, the normal microflora largely consists of nonpathogens or opportunistic pathogens.
Large numbers of transients enter the upper respiratory tract as we breathe or eat. They may also come from our own hands or from improper sanitation during food preparation. Regardless of their origin, most transients are nonpathogenic and are quickly killed by various defences arrayed against them.
Objective :
To determine the microorganisms in the air and from healthy humans.
Result :
1. Colonies of air
2. Colonies of normal breathing
3. Colonies of ear
4. Colonies of hands
5. Colonies of violent coughing
Discussion :
1.Protozao are single-celled eukaryotes that commonly show characteristics usually associated with animals, most notably mobility and heterotrophy.They are often grouped in the kingdom Protista together with the plant-like algae and fungus-like water molds and slime molds.They do not have inner or outer skeleton. Most of them are aerobic microbes and reproduce via binary fission.Most protozoans are too small to be seen with the naked eye - most are around 0.01-0.05 mm, although forms up to 0.5 mm are still fairly common - but can easily be found under a microscope.
2.Bacteria are a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms which are simpler structures than eukaryotic mocroorganisms. Bacteria do not have nucleus, other menbrane bound organelles, mitochondria and chloroplast. Bacteria is classify as gram positive and gram negative by the content of cell wall. Bacteria grow to a fixed size and then reproduce through binary fission, a form of asexual reproduction. Typically a few micrometresin length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria usually shiny and smooth in appearance.
3.A fungus is a member of a large group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, Fungi, which is separate from plants, animals, and bacteria. One major difference is that fungal cells have cell walls that contain chitin, but not cellulose. Funfi also not contain chlorophyls.They also no differentiated into roots, stems and leaves. True fungi produce masses of filamentous hypae which form the mycelium. Some fungi are rough, dull and wrinkled surface. Fungi are usually filamentous in shape.
4.Algea are a large and diverse group of simple, typically autotrophic organisms, ranging from unicellular to multicellular forms, such as the giant kelps that grow to 65 meters in length. They are photosynthetic like plants, and "simple" because their tissues are not organized into the many distinct organs found in land plants. The largest and most complex marine forms are called seaweeds. The term algae is now restricted to eukaryotic organisms. All true algae therefore have a nucleus enclosed within a membrane and plastids bound in one or more membranes. Algea has several types based on morphology of growing state such as filamentous and parenchymatous.
5.A virus is a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of organisms. They are mainly a packetof genetic material which enveloped in a protein coat usually referred to as nucleocapsid and must be replicate by the host. Viruses infect all types of organisms, from animals and plants to bacteria and archaea. Although it may present in the result but the size of virus are extremely small and cannot be seen through naked eyes so we are not consider virus in our result.
6.Air :
-In addition to gases, dust particle, water vapour, air also contains microorganism as air mainly is transport medium for microorganisms. There are vegetative cell and spore of bacteria, fungi and algea, viruses and protozaon that come from different sources such as sneeze, cough and dissimenate by different bioearosol. Since air is often expose to sunlight, it has a high temperature and less moisture, so most of these microbial forms will die.
7.Normal breathing :
-Microscopic organisms are living inside our nasal passageways. Although most of these bacteria are non-pathogenic, some may induce illness if they successfully break through the bodies defense systems. Some examples of these non-pathogenic bacteria are Streptococcus, Neisseria. Some of the pathogenic examples include Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae. The nasal passageway walls are layered with respiratory mucous membranes secreted by goblet cells. These membranes have many cilia, that move mucus in waves toward the throat area. Bacteria, along with dust and other particles inhaled from the outside environment are snared by the nasal mucus, carried back out. Through normal breathing there will also some microorganism out of nasal passageways by exhalation.
8.Ears :
-The ears is exposed to the outside environment, despite the best efforts of the ceruminous glands, the healthy outer ear still houses a variety of microbes. Some of the most common bacteria are Staphylococcus epidermis, Turicellaotitidis and Streptococcus saprophyticum. The most common fungal microbe known to reside in the ear is Candida albicans. Under normal circumstances, this bacterial flora does not thrive.Most microorganism are present in outer ear as there is a mucous membrane lines the middle ear which has long been known to contain many antimicrobial enzymes and immunoglobulins. In addition to its anti microbial properties, the mucus also serves to trap any foreign particles and microbes that are introduced into the middle ear.
9.Hands :
-In a healthy human, the internal tissues are normally free of microorganisms. However, the surface tissues such as skin and mucous membranes are constantly in contact with environmental organisms and become readily colonized by various microbial species. The mixture of organisms regularly found at any anatomical site is referred to as the normal flora. The normal flora of humans consists of a few eucaryotic fungi and protists, but bacteria are the most numerous and obvious microbial components of the normal flora. Hands are the primary perpetrator to the transmission of microorganisms such as pathogenic bateria. Human palm can be either dry area or moist area which is more suitable for microorganism to grow. Beside that, human fingernails house the highest level of pathogens on our hands. The area under the fingernail has at least 75 times more microorganisms per density than anywhere else on the hands.
10.Violent couching :
-Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria are commonly found in the throat, including a specie of fungi (Candida). The predominant microbes found in the throat are alpha-hemolytic streptococci (viridans streptococci). The throat is a muscular passageway which carries food and liquids toward the digestive tract as well as air to the lungs. Because it encounters many different kinds of objects, it’s susceptible to encounters with many organisms. Throat's mucus funtion in facilitate food passage, but is also a way for microbes to latch on to epithelial cells and colonize. The throat is an excellent environment for microbes. Warm and moist, these ideal conditions provide aerobes and anaerobes an environment to flourish. However, the throat and tongue epithelial cells are constantly shedding, creating a complex environment that bacteria must adapt to in order to form or maintain a community. Violent couching is one of the way to release the microbes out of throat and mouth.
Conclusion :
Microorganism such as virus, fungi, bacteria, algea and protozoa are present everywhere and dissimenate by different bioearosol especially wind or air stream. All surface that are exposes to outer environment and suitable for them to survive are possibly consist of those microorganism not depent on the time of exposure.
1.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria
2.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus
3.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus
4.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae
4.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae
5.faculty.ksu.edu.sa/18698/346/Microorganisms%20in%20Air.ppt
6.http://www.handhygiene.net/microorganisms-on-hands/
7.http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Ear
8.http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Nasal_passageway
9.http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Mouth#Which_microbes_are_present.3F_2
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